Feudalism

Feudalism Introduction The history of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance continues to attract the attention of many contemporary historians. Much attention is paid to such a concept as feudalism and its major peculiarities. Researchers focus on such questions as the evolution of this socio-political system, conflicts between various interest groups as well as the reasons why it eventually fell into oblivion.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Feudalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at discussing the major historiographic views on this system. In particular, one should mention that feudalism can be interpreted from a political and legal perspective. This research paradigm is supposed to examine the relations between the main stakeholders such as lords and vassals. From this viewpoint, the main characteristic of feudalism is the decentralization of authority. In turn, some scholars prefer socio-econ omic analysis of this phenomenon. In particular, they regard feudalism as a system that legitimized the exploitations of peasants by the aristocracy. One should keep in mind that contemporary researchers such as Marc Bloch tend to combine these historiographic views. These two interpretations form the basis of their discussions. This is why it is necessary to analyze these approaches in great detail. Furthermore, one should mention that some historians such as Susan Reynolds believe that the concept of feudalism is rather contradictory and it may not fit various societies which existed at that time. Overall, it is possible to argue that current historiographic views on this period can supplement each other. Yet, none of them can fully explain the complexities of this political, economic, and legal system which could vary across regions and evolve with time passing. This is one of the main arguments that should be examined more closely. Critique of the major historiographic views Pol itical and legal interpretation One should mention that some historians such as Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof concentrate primarily on the legal and political foundations of feudalism. Researchers, who accept this approach, regard feudalism as a body of institutions that regulated the relationship between the landowners who provided tenure and knights offering military service1. Therefore, one can say that feudalism is primarily aimed at facilitating the exchange between stakeholders. This historiographic view can be important for understanding the work of institutions which were supposed to re-enforce the rights of these stakeholders; for instance, Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof examines the institution of vassalage which was supposed to reconcile the interests of landlords and knights2.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, according to political and legal interpretation s, feudalism has several important characteristics. In particular, one should speak about the decentralization of authority which means that kings could not impose their will on landowners. Additionally, much attention should be paid to land as the main source of authority. This approach implies that during the period, states in the modern sense of that word were only at the stage of formation. Furthermore, according to this approach, feudalism can be viewed as a system for recruiting military professionals who were critical for the sustainability of the communities which existed at that time. This view of feudalism is one of the major research paradigms that can used for examining medieval societies. Overall, this approach is helpful for analyzing the main political and legal norms of the society. Moreover, this framework can be useful for analyzing the way in which the empowered interest groups regulated their relations. Nevertheless, there are several important limitations of thi s approach. In particular, this historiographic view completely excludes peasants who had no political or legal representation. It should be noted that these stakeholders also played a critical role for the sustainability of feudal societies. Furthermore, this historiagraphic approach does not show how these people could oppose to the existing hierarchy. For instance, one can speak about anti-feudal rebellions that took place in England and France3 in the twelfth century. Therefore, this particular approach can lead to the exclusion of many narratives that are important for understanding the peculiarities of this historical period. This framework can certainly explain the behavior of people who set the legal and political norms of feudal societies. However, one should pay more attention to people who were underrepresented due to existing social, political, and legal norms. The voices of these people could be almost completely silenced. This is one of the limitations that should be c onsidered by people who study the development of feudal societies. Socio-economic interpretation Additionally, it is possible to focus on the economic interpretation of feudalism. This approach is aimed at discussing the experiences of various social groups. Therefore, feudalism can be defined as the political and legal system which was supposed to subordinate peasantry to the interests of the landowning aristocracy4.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Feudalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, this approach implies that this socio-political system can be regarded primarily as the system of exploitation. Thus, this view of feudalism was often adopted by Marxist historians who attached much importance to the concept of class struggle. Although, this particular concept may not be applicable to feudal societies, social and economic interpretations are not fully rejected by the modern scholars. Historia ns who adopt this approach pay attention to the experiences of the most underprivileged classes. One can distinguish the following characteristics of the feudal system: the use of coercion to subdue underrepresented groups; social stratification; unequal bargaining power of different stakeholders5. Admittedly, this approach should not be disregarded because it is important for understanding the experiences of different social groups. Nevertheless, this interpretation does not fully explain the conflicts between the most powerful stakeholders in the feudal society. In particular, one should speak about monarchs and landlords. It should be mentioned that sometimes, vassals could have conflicting obligations to monarchs and land owners6. In other words, one cannot examine this period only from an economic viewpoint because this approach cannot fully the power struggles which existed at that period. This is one of the drawbacks that should not be disregarded. This historiographic cont inued to be used by historians because it is more inclusive, especially in comparison with the paradigm developed by Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof who examines primarily the interactions between stakeholders who could better protect their interests. Marc Bloch’s views on feudalism It should be mentioned that some historians attempt to combine legal and socio-economic views on fuedalism. For instance, one can speak about the works of Marc Bloch. He focuses on the following characteristics of feudalism:Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More the subordinate position of peasantry the decentralization of authority; the use of service tenement instead salary; regular conflicts between kings and landlords7. To some degree, this method lays stress on the legal and political structures of feudalism, but at the same time, it can throw light on the experiences of different social groups. It is important to remember that Mark Bloch distinguishes two stages of feudalism. In particular, this historian believes that economic transformation of feudal societies led to the eventual centralization of power and formation of more powerful monarchies. Overall, Marc Bloc believes that the economic perspective should not be excluded because the intensification of trade and commerce strengthened the bargaining power of monarchs8. Overall, Marc Bloch’s approach is more beneficial because it enables the author to examine the experiences of different stakeholders who represented the medieval society. Additionally, this historiographic view is advantageous because it shows how feudal system evolved and why it eventually disappeared. In this case, one should mention that technological and economical development diminished the role of agriculture and land ownership9. In turn, growing trade could lead in the strengthening of the centralized power. In particular, this paradigm demonstrates the connections between economy, law, and politics. These are the main strengths of this framework. Nevertheless, this approach may not show how feudalism evolved in various in various cultural environments that could profoundly influence the interactions between different groups. Additionally, this approach does not show how individual decisions of monarchs or landlords could have shaped the development of feudalism. This is one of the limitations that should be considered because researchers should not assume that the development of this socio-political system could be predetermined. To a great extent, this perception reduces the role of a separate individual who could also shape the way in which a certain community could evolve. Re-evaluation of feudalism as a concept These approaches that have been described are based on the premise that feudalism as a system existed in various regions or countries. Furthermore, they imply that there are certain common principles which are inherent to the nature of this political and legal system. Therefore, the experiences of people could be similar in such countries as England, France, Germany, and so forth. Nevertheless, one should also keep in mind that some researchers do not believe that feudalism was a universal and consistent phenomenon. This opinion is expressed by different historians such as Susan Reynolds10. This approach implies that it is not permissible to generalize the experiences of different countries. For instance, the institution of vassalage was not the same in different medieval societies. The customs adopted in different countries could differ drama tically. This is one of the points that should be considered. This is why even researchers such as Marc Bloch focus on different lands and regions while discussing feudalism. Apart from that, researchers may examine the distinctions between feudalism in England and Scotland11. Overall, it is important to examine local customs that were not similar to one another. Furthermore, these customs could evolve significantly with time passing. This is one of the reasons why researchers speak about the existence of pre-feudal and post-feudal societies12. In many cases, these societies had the main characteristics identified by Ganshof and Bloc. Moreover, researchers argue that the relations between various groups were not always the same because they could be influenced by the cultural norms established in various feudal societies. This approach implies that historians should not try to twist historical evidence so that it could match historical constructs or concepts such as feudalism. Inste ad, they need to concentrate on primary evidence which can throw light on the diversity of feudal societies. Thus, one can say that feudalism can be depicted as a changing and diverse phenomenon that cannot be described with the help of a single model. These are the main peculiarities of this historiographic view. The main advantage of this approach is that it urges researchers to focuses on the particularities of the feudal system in different countries. In this way, historians can gain better insights into various aspects of feudalism. This historiographic view is also popular since modern researchers examine the cultural peculiarities of feudalism. Conclusion These examples demonstrate historians do not have the same perception of feudalism. The differences can be explained by the fact that researchers focus on different aspects of this historical period. In particular, it is possible to speak about the distribution of power in the society and the norms regulating the relations b etween the main stakeholders. In turn, scholars can focus on the study of economic development and the way in which some social groups could be marginalized. Apart from that, many researchers such as Marc Bloch tend use each of these paradigms. Apart from that historians may discard the ideas that feudalism was a universal construct that existed in different countries. In particular, it is important to mention that feudalism could take different paths, and one cannot say that it could always fit the models constructed by historians. Overall, none of the historiographic views discussed in this paper can be dismissed because each of them can throw light on the experience of different social groups. Furthermore, the use of these paradigms is important for understanding the evolution of this socio-political system. These are the main aspects that can be distinguished because they can be helpful for understanding the main peculiarities of feudalism. Bibliography Bloch, Marc. Feudal Socie ty. Translated by Leonard Manyon. London: Routledge. 1962. Braun, Jerome. Democratic Culture and Moral Character: A Study in Culture and  Ã‚  Personality. New York: Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Ganshof, Franà §ois-Louis. â€Å"Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne.†Ã‚  Cambridge Historical Journal 6, no. 2 (1939): 147-175. Hammond, Matthew, New Perspectives on Medieval Scotland, 1093-1286. New York, Boydell Brewer Ltd, 2013. McKitterick, Rosamond, and Michael Jones. The New Cambridge Medieval History:  Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Murray, Mary. The Law of the Father?: Patriarchy in the transition from feudalism to  capitalism. New York: Routledge, 2005. Reynolds, Susan. Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. New York, Clarendon Press. 1994. Sanderson, Stephen. Social Transformations: A General Theory of Historical  Development. New York: Rowman Littlefield, 1999. Tendler, Joseph. Oppone nts of the Annales School. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. White, Lynn. Medieval technology and social change. Oxford University Press. 1962. Footnotes 1 Joseph Tendler, Opponents of the Annales School (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 158. 2 Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof, â€Å"Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne,†Ã‚  Cambridge Historical Journal 6, no. 2 (1939): 147. 3 Rosamond McKitterick and Michael Jones, The New Cambridge Medieval History:  Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 457. 4 Stephen Sanderson, Social Transformations: A General Theory of Historical  Development (New York: Rowman Littlefield, 1999), 157. 5 Mary Murray, The Law of the Father?: Patriarchy in the transition from feudalism to  Capitalism (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 10. 6 Franà §ois-Louis Ganshof, â€Å"Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne,†Ã‚  Cambridge Historical Journal 6, no. 2 (1939): 175 7 Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, t rans. Leonard Manyon (London: Routledge. 1962), 13 8 Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. Leonard Manyon (London: Routledge. 1962), 69. 9 Lynn White, Medieval technology and social change (Oxford University Press. 1962), 63. 10 Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals : The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted (New York: Clarendon Press, 1994), 32. 11 Matthew Hammond, New Perspectives on Medieval Scotland, 1093-1286 (New York, Boydell Brewer Ltd, 2013), 10. 12 Jerome Braun, Democratic Culture and Moral Character: A Study in Culture and  Personality (New York: Springer Science Business Media, 2013), 119.

Key Roles Performed by Financial System in the Economy Essay

Key Roles Performed by Financial System in the Economy - Essay Example In simple terms, financial system can be called as the system that keeps the flow of money between people and institutions. It is the mechanism through which money flow from the individual investors to the borrowers in the system. Financial system is an inevitable factor for the very existence of the economy itself. The term financial system is an all-encompassing term consisting of various types and components within it. â€Å"A financial system can be defined at the global, regional or firm specific level.† (Investopedia, 2011) A firm level financial system refers to the financial system followed by companies in order to track their financial performance. Most companies will have similar kind of financial system. Regional level refers to the system where money is exchanged between lenders and borrowers. It is not necessarily between lenders and borrowers but also between lenders and investors or investors and borrowers. The third one is global level. It refers to the exchange or movement of finance between big corporate and government institutions at the global level. Though each of these levels is important in the economy, global level is the most important level. Before looking into the each level of the financial system and their importance, it is important to have a detailed look into the various components of financial system. The components of financial system will include all the three levels which are mentioned in the previous paragraph. The main components of a financial system are as follows: 1. Financial Intermediaries 2. Financial Markets 3. Regulators 4. Financial Instruments Components of Financial System & their Roles Financial Intermediaries Financial intermediaries are the first component of financial system. As the name signifies, financial intermediaries act as an intermediary or channel between two parties. The two parties are namely investors and the firms that are raising fund or savers and borrowers. â€Å"The difficulty that lenders (savers) and borrowers (spenders) encounter when confronted with finding and dealing directly with each other has provoked the appearance of financial intermediaries† (Morawski, 2007) All kinds of financial institutions fall under the category of financial intermediaries. Some of the most common financial intermediaries are banks, insurance companies, investment brokers, mutual fund houses, wealth management co mpanies, pension funds, etc. Financial intermediaries are the component that facilitates the flow of money in the economy. It helps to convert one form of fund the other. As such it becomes an inevitable factor for the development of an economy. The major roles played by financial intermediaries in the economy are as follows: 1. Channel of Transfer 2. Avoid the difficulties in direct dealing 3. Safe keeping of assets 4. Mobilisation of funds 5. Creation of financial instruments 6. Investment Services 7. Quicker development Channel of transfer: The basic function of a financial intermediary is to act as a channel. Financial intermediaries channelize funds from one person to the other based on each other’s need. This can simply be explained with the case of commercial banks. Commercial bank’s take deposits from the investors and distribute is as loans to other parties. Thus, a link is established between investors and borrowers. Such an efficient system of exchange is no t possible without the existence of financial intermediaries. Avoid the difficulties in direct dealing: If there were no financial intermediaries at all, it would have resulted in several unorganised lending and receiving activities in the market. It would be difficult for the investors to find borrowers and vice versa. Such a situation would also cause chaos in the whole system. But financial intermediaries help to identify the investors and borrowers and provide them the required services. Safe keeping of assets: Financial intermediaries help the people with surplus funds by aiding them to keep it safe. Due

Gender and Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender and Race - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  a queer man is a person who is trying to move beyond traditional notions of human sexuality. In most cases, as the author says, he or she is faced with a serious problem. This problem has to do with traditional notions of sexual identity. It is believed that heterosexual relationships are the norm while homosexuality should be viewed as deviant behavior. This means that homosexuality and homosexual identity are not the norm. However, such a view is contrary to the interests of sexual minorities who are interested in obtaining more rights and opportunities in the field of their sexual identity. Munoz examines the culture that he believes makes every effort to go beyond the traditional notions of identity formation. As an example, he analyses Magda Gomez's performances.  This essay discusses that Munoz uses this excellent opportunity to demonstrate the features of a culture that using different artistic means is trying to break the traditional fram ework in respect of human behavior and identity. On the other hand, Munoz has the opportunity to observe the presence of certain racial and gender stereotypes that continue to exist in the framework of the modern gay culture.  The person goes through a series of stages that ultimately have a decisive importance in the formation of his or her identity. Despite the value of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, it implies uniformity and rigid set of conditions that are necessary for the formation of personality.

The novel & Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

The novel Frankenstein Essay How does Shelley create sympathy for the Monster, as well as for Victor Frankenstein, in the novel, Frankenstein? Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, born 30th August 1797 was the anonymous writer who was idolised over due to her novel, Frankenstein. She was a literary icon in the romanticism era in the early 1800s. The globally famous novel was published in 1818 when Shelly was at the age of 21. Shelley decided to submit her novel anonymously as in that stage in history women were not taken seriously in society and were victims of sexist and prejudiced movements. The novel was originally a ghost story in which she wrote while being overwhelmed by a series of calamities in her life; the worst of these were the suicide of her half-sister, Fanny Imlay. Frankenstein is considered to be the greatest gothic romantic novel in history and also thought of as the first science fiction novel. Gothic horror was a common genre of use in the time Frankenstein was written. This was a time of great novels such as Dracula and Hound of the Baskervilles. Gothic horror is traditionally set in dark castles and countryside with eerie moaning music and bad weather. Written in 1818, Frankenstein is the deeply disturbing tale of a monstrous unnamed creation that was created in the name of science. Huge and strong, the creature, created by Victor Frankenstein kills and murders many throughout the tale, but considering his tragic beginnings, I must ask, who is the real monster in this gothic tale of horror? Frankenstein is cleverly written in two parts. The first part of the book is narrated from Frankensteins point of view as he relates his story to a ships captain. The second part of the story is the monster telling Victor how he came to find him and what had happened to him since he was abandoned. This technique cleverly allows the reader to see both sides of the story and judge who the real monster is. In chapter five of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the creature is given life. The opening paragraph makes excellent use of pathetic fallacy, using the weather to set the scene. The first lines of the chapter, it was a dreary night in November, and the rain pattered dismally against the windowpanes, make obvious use of traditional gothic horror scenery.

Gift Giving in the Medical Industry Essay -- Healthcare

In a recent article from St. Paul Pioneer Press (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57348681/drug-company-money-on-rise-for-2-minn-clinics/), the University of Minnesota and the Mayo Clinic came under public scrutiny after it was revealed that they received $650,000 between them in 2010. Gift giving has always been a touchy subject in the medical industry. Various articles have been written regarding the subject exploring the benefits and its disadvantages. But the tug of war between ethics and the effects of commercialism has yet to be seen in the stand of medical institutions and health care providers. In 2008, Fortune 500 magazine reported the Pharmaceutical Industry as one of the top three most profitable industries in America. This should not come as a surprise since there will always be sickness and disease and as a necessary consequent there will be patients who will need medicine for these illnesses. â€Å"It is a lucrative industry that utilizes different strategies to gain revenue.† said James Rhee, a professor in the Department of Physician Assistants Studies of Eastern Virginia Medical School, when he described the industry in his article in the Internet Journal of Academic Physician Assistants(http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-academic-physician-assistants/volume-7-number-1/the-influence-of-the-pharmaceutical-industry-on healthcare-practitioners-prescribing-habits.html). Business is business for these large pharmaceutical industries and they employ marketing techniques that will ensure their profitability. In realizing these gains, Pharmaceutic al companies employ variations on the tried and tested theme of gift giving. GIFT GIVING, IS IT APPROPRIATE? As early as 2003, Arnold Relman a Harvard ... ...dress conflict of interest issues, key people in strategic position like the director of the office of institutional compliance at the University of Minnesota, Lynn Zentner had this to say: â€Å"An unmanaged conflict is a problem,† â€Å"Having a conflict of interest is not.† # # # Works Cited (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57348681/drug-company-money-on-rise-for-2-minn-clinics/),(http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-academic-physician-assistants/volume-7-number-1/the-influence-of-the-pharmaceutical-industry-on healthcare-practitioners-prescribing-habits.html),(http://www.bmj.com/content/326/7400/1189.extract),(http://www.twincities.com/ci_19619583?source=pkg),http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45796673/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/drug-company-money-rise-minn-clinics/#.TwFJtDX9Mlc)

Patriot Movie Review

The Patriot In theaters on June 30, 2000. Directed by: Roland Emmerich Written by: Robert Rodat Main Characters in the movie: Mel Gibson as Benjamin Martin, Heath Ledgar as Gabriel Martin, Tom Wilkinson as Lord General Cornwallis, & Jason Issac as Colonel William Tavington The film is rated R for strong war violence. Summary: It is 1776 when the Revolutionary War began between the American Colonists and the British soldiers. The main character, Benjamin Martin, is a veteran of the French and Indian war who wants independence from Britain, but is not willing to risk the safety of his already motherless children by going to war.It was the British who had killed his wife and he did not want to put his family in danger as he did so once before. However though he forms a militia and goes around looking for people in the colonies who are willing to fight against the â€Å"red coats† which are the British because he knew it had to be done. He did not approve of his oldest son Gabriel joining the Continental Army but Gabriel wanted to so bad that he went behind his fathers back to sign up anyway. This caused problems for him because they found him and threatened him on his own land.Benjamin Martin helped wounded soldiers both from the American side & British side and because of that he was viewed as a traitor to many people. The killing of his son when the British came to his home caused him to react and want to go to war with them. The Americans and British went to war and there was a lot of loss of American soldiers and the French came to help them because they disliked the British as well and tried to stop the British from trying to take over other places. After years in the war the Americans finally won and were able to pass the Declaration of Independence.Benjamin Martin had finally gotten even and killed Tavington because he killed both of his sons. Even though a lot of people died they were free at last from British control and that’s when good thi ngs started to happen for the Americans. Benjamin Martin ends up falling in love with his dead wifes sister & protects his family. He is truly considered a hero because if it weren’t for him then the Americans would have never taken it upon themselves to fight against the British. The colonies became united and it was just the beginning of a good period of time.The Patriot is a wonderful movie that not only has action and romance, but it has an important meaning. It gives us an outlook on the events that took place long ago that eventually led to our independence and the states uniting. Without it we probably wouldn’t have been the United States like we are now and it might have been longer before we would have been free from the British. I would definitely recommend everyone to watch this movie because you will definitely enjoy it regardless of your age or interests. Historical Accuracy: In the movie, the Continental Congress extends an order to slaves stating that if they serve 12 months in the Colonial Army, they would be granted their freedom and be paid 5 schillings per month served. The Congress never extended such an order in real life. – Benjamin Martin sends his children and his family friend to a slave colony after their plantation is burned down. Martin's family is welcomed into the colony and there is much celebration at their coming. Although a few slave colonies existed, they were very secluded and most likely would not have taken kindly to a group of white plantation owners looking for shelter.

My Personal Statement For My Children - 882 Words

My thoughts are no longer on this here land my family lives on. The land that we rent and will never own, land that we will never be able to call our own. We are owners of nothing of importance. We own the wool on our backs and a dreadful table that wobbles, though my husband is a jack of all trades he has no time to make our home without inconvenience. I do my work by his side when it is needed and called for. I care for my children as I can but most of the time to the older children take care of the younger just so we can have clean clothes, and food to eat. I wonder what is out there that is more for me. Every day I worry how we will have milk for porridge the following day. My children cry out for food at times but other things must be taken care of such as the rent. We must keep a roof over their heads so they are not wet nor cold in the winter months. My husband is gone to his odd jobs before the sun comes up and does not step his torn and tattered shoes in the door sometimes u ntil after supper is eaten and the sun is long disappeared. His hands are brown and hard from the hard work and little pay he receives to care for our family. Peasant men have such a hard life, they work themselves to death, in our towns there are only three men to every four women. I truly love him and chose him to make a family and a life together but I have always dreamt that we would have more. Such as the women of the upper-class. Oh how I long for a tunic of elaborate colorful fabric andShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Statement On My Children1041 Words   |  5 PagesAs an adult with kids, I look back and I am grateful that my foster mom instilled in me a desire for hard work and diligence through weekly chores. 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