Changes in the Middle East After the World War I

Free Essays on Behavior Therapy

is, doing something that causes a response in someone or something, and by doing it enough times causes a constant reaction every time in the person or thing. John Watson founded behaviorism in the early 1900's. Watson emphasized the scientific study of observable behaviors rather then the study of subjective mental process. The behavioral theory dominated psychology for more then 50 years. Watson believed that as much as Pavlov's dogs reflexively salivated to food, human emotions could be thought of as reflexive responses involving the muscles and glands. In studies with infants, Watson identified three emotions that he believed represented inborn and natural unconditioned reflexes, fear, rage, and love. According to Watson, each of these emotions could be triggered by stimuli. For example, he found two stimuli that triggered fear, a sudden loud noise, or sudden dropping motion. A prime example of this is when you have a new puppy and you are training it to sit. Because he is, just a puppy it will have no idea what the command "sit" is, so you will have to teach it what the command means. When you give the command to the puppy you will push his butt down and show him what he is suppose to do when he hears the command. You will have to do this a few times until the dog gets used to it. Every time you g ive the command and the puppy follows it, you reward him for his actions, either with a treat or pet and praise him. If the puppy does not follow the command, you give him negative attention such as spank, or yell at him. Soon enough the dog will realize that every time I follow my masters command I get praised, but when I fail to obey them I get punished. The dog would much r... Free Essays on Behavior Therapy Free Essays on Behavior Therapy Behaviorism is a school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. That is the text book definition of behaviorism, my definition in my own words is, doing something that causes a response in someone or something, and by doing it enough times causes a constant reaction every time in the person or thing. John Watson founded behaviorism in the early 1900's. Watson emphasized the scientific study of observable behaviors rather then the study of subjective mental process. The behavioral theory dominated psychology for more then 50 years. Watson believed that as much as Pavlov's dogs reflexively salivated to food, human emotions could be thought of as reflexive responses involving the muscles and glands. In studies with infants, Watson identified three emotions that he believed represented inborn and natural unconditioned reflexes, fear, rage, and love. According to Watson, each of these emotions could be triggered by stimuli. For example, he found two stimuli that triggered fear, a sudden loud noise, or sudden dropping motion. A prime example of this is when you have a new puppy and you are training it to sit. Because he is, just a puppy it will have no idea what the command "sit" is, so you will have to teach it what the command means. When you give the command to the puppy you will push his butt down and show him what he is suppose to do when he hears the command. You will have to do this a few times until the dog gets used to it. Every time you g ive the command and the puppy follows it, you reward him for his actions, either with a treat or pet and praise him. If the puppy does not follow the command, you give him negative attention such as spank, or yell at him. Soon enough the dog will realize that every time I follow my masters command I get praised, but when I fail to obey them I get punished. The dog would much r...

Case Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Analysis - Term Paper Example The human services workers are expected to adhere to the legal, ethical and moral expectations of their profession while making decisions in their everyday work. The workers must protect their clients’ rights and ensure human dignity in their practice (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). The current legal framework requires human services workers to offer their services without any discrimination or preference on the basis of color, culture, race, religion, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status (Woodside & McClam, 2009). The Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibits all manner of discrimination, and treat all clients equality despite their identifiable characteristics such as age or origin. The Child abuse prevention and treatment Act (CAPTA) 1974 fosters the rights of children and numerous states have enacted laws they protect child abuse and neglect. The situation requires me to protect the sexually abused child’s right to privacy and confidentiality according to the federal, state and local laws on confidentiality. For instance, I am expected to take safe custody of the child records and refrain exposing information regarding the sex abuse suffered by the child in order to prevent further harm (Timmons, 2013). The profession regulatory requires me to consider t he conflict of the values of obeying the law and values of serving the clients thus, I will assist the child in reporting the sexual offenders to the law enforcement agencies (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). Furthermore, I am expected to demonstrate sensitivity to cultural diversity and appreciate the different cultural values of the child in making an informed decision on the welfare of the child. Statement 4 of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) requires the human services workers to protect the safety of clients who are in danger of any harm through seeking consultation,

Profesional portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Profesional portfolio - Assignment Example Developing an effective global workplace is a challenging tasks but necessary for multinational companies because it ensures employees in their companies create a culture of shared values that maintain cohesive and ethical cultures across countries that are difficult to create in a domestic environment. In light of this new definition of global workplace, to me global workplace is considered a workplace with intercultural teams that come together from across different countries to accomplish a business objective for a company using technology and communication, while observing certain ethical and professional behavior for the purpose of minimizing cost. In the same assignment, another change or rather an addition that has been made is the experience of intercultural communication, specifically using Coca-Cola in India as an example. Let us look at the change of intercultural communication. Intercultural communication relates to how people should work in a global workplace because it looks at how individuals from different background of culture attempt to communicate verbally and non-verbally, manage, approach deadlines, work together, meet, build relationships, negotiate and much more (Varner & Beamer, 2011). Individuals and companies that look into doing business within the global workplace usually are unsuccessful in addressing such areas before venturing into business abroad. This has the effect of leading to poor performance and lost business deals. More understanding of differences intercultural in protocol, communication and etiquette in addition to informed planning surely leads to a huge probability of attaining business go als and objectives. Code of conduct is one aspect of intercultural communication that relates to how people work in a global workplace. In a global workplace, a uniform code of conduct is used to address how workers of a company are supposed to behave professionally. For instance,

Role of Stakeholders in Strategic Planning Process Essay

Role of Stakeholders in Strategic Planning Process - Essay Example These will also oversee steps which will ask of the local publics to act accordingly in order to solicit a response which is not only appropriately driven but also geared to achieve their active participation. These remain some of the important ingredients behind understanding the relevant realms, as these will harness the basis of IUCN in the long run. The environmental degradation, uplifting of global standards and similar other initiatives will be bolstered immensely if the stakeholders are told about the precise strategic planning process which will be put into place. Once the strategic planning process is initiated, IUCN’s stakeholders need to agree on its different clauses so that tasks become easier and more manageable than they would be at the outset of such a strategic planning process (Ghobadian, 2002). The key ingredients that would be required on their part are an understanding that IUCN’s strategic planning process would deliver results if it is given a chance to manifest itself. Also there will be a comprehensive outlook of how the strengths and weaknesses weigh along with one another. This will put things in comparison and ask of the stakeholders to know about things which are of essence beforehand. The major roles that these stakeholders shall play include the basis of their agreement with the strategic planning process for IUCN as well as paving the way forward for achieving the end objectives and goals of the strategic planning process. It will help put things in proper perspective and ask IUCN to devise a very firm process in the first place. Their roles would comprise more of decision-making than bringing a sense of business for IUCN. Therefore proper definition of assigning roles would put things into proper perspective and resolve issues which remain fundamental to its cause (Hussein, 2008). As for IUCN, it is one of the most sought after names within the

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius

Importance of CSR for companies in Mauritius CSR has been subject to much analysis for different types of businesses who were controlled and managed by futurist and modern managers who were here to provide a new dimension in the business era. It is a concept where managers or leaders of certain firms decide to contribute voluntarily for a better social environment. Companies provide us with these because they have they need to contribute back for the land that they use. The other reason is that it is purely voluntary, and they provide us with such services without expecting anything in return. May researches have come with various definitions of CSR, but however, they all posses the following characteristics in common: Business commitment to try to add value and a better way of living for the whole society. Making society benefit from it Protecting nature and our environment Vyarkarnam also found out during his study that CSR dealt with these following areas: environmental problems, charities and donation, Investment in activities. Corporate Social Responsibility is a process that companies apply to bring benefits to the society. The latter has legal, commercial, ethical and public expectations from business activity. CSR is implemented in a way such that it meets the needs and in some instances, exceeds the expectations. The equivalent testimony gave some evidence of the diverse School of thoughts which interpret CSR differently worldwide. Definition of CSR from Ghana is CSR is about capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the government,  however Philippians CSR is about business giving back to society.   Theoretical Rationale behind Corporate Social Responsibility 2.1 The Social Contract Theory The Social Contract Theory hypothesizes that the cornerstone of morality are uniform social accords that best serve the interests of those who make the agreements. (A.K.H. Khor) This means that if the social contract between the business and the community is breached, there will be conflict leading to a revocation of the contract and the firm then risks sanctions imposed by the individuals of the society. For example demand may be reduced, legal restrictions may be imposed, and also denial of human and financial resources. 2.2 The Legitimacy Theory It is said that the Legitimacy Theory and the Social Contract Theory are inter connected. To be viewed as being socially responsible, investors do not hesitate to pay a premium for corporate behaviour (Pava and Krauze, 1996; Toms, 2000). This is so because it ensures the continual inflow of capital, labour and customers needed for viability. This proves the importance of CSR The confidence of corporate stakeholders suffered a serious blow, undermining their faith in the accounting profession, following the revelation of the corporate scandals at WorldCom and Enron. Thus a call has been made for more transparent reporting and the Legitimacy theory arose and implied the above social contract. 2.3 The political Economy Theory This theory is quite a recent one, and it gives us a good approach on how to explain CSR. That is, this theory states that economics and politics cannot be separated. The mission and long term objective of the firm should coincide with that of the government. Hence, it is obvious that firms engage in CSR by taking into consideration its employees, the society and other stakeholders affected by its activities. Thus, this approach gives us a good idea as to why firms engage in these activities. 2.4 The stakeholder theory According to Milton Friedman, the main objective of an organisation in the past was profit making and maximization. That is, firms were established only in the view of making profit, ignoring the harmful effect that they might be doing to the society at large. At these times, there were no firms engaging in CSR activities. The stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management that tries to address different topics in business, such as, morals and values in management. This theory was originally put forward by Edward Freeman. According to him, a business does not only involve the owner, management and workers of the company. It involves the society at large, that is, the government, political groups, communities and even competitors. Freeman stated that when doing business, it was immoral just to reward the workers and owners of the business. Instead, it should be rewarding the whole society at large, and hence, coming forward with CSR activities. The stakeholder Theory attempts to justify the provision of social information in an attempt to gain stakeholder support and thus minimize the costs of dealing with complaints and actions that might otherwise affect them. (Davis, 2003) We can categorize the stakeholders of the companys: Shareholders; Employees; Suppliers; Customers; Government; Trade unions; Business associates; local community and Even competitors. Ullmann (1985) suggested a model based on the stakeholder theory according to which, if stakeholders control the essential resources it is ultimate for business to responds positively to the demands of the former. As an empirical accountability, the organisations identify its stakeholders. This is supported by by referring to the extent of which the organisation believes in the interplay with each group needs to be managed in order to further the interest of the organisation, the more important the stakeholder to the organisation, the more effort will be extended in managing the relationship. The impact of CSR on the decision making of stakeholders of a business. Shareholders. RARE researches brought, a company indulge in Corporate social Responsibility efforts can strengthen the voice of shareholders in sustainability matters. On a better information basis, they can assess their companys sustainability performance and assert their rights to promote more corporate responsibility (Shareholder activisms). Shareholders look for confidence and hope in a company. Therefore guided by their ethical principles, many investors choose firms taking into consideration the social and environment issues. In the study of Epstein and freedman, investors reduce the uncertainty about the value of their investment through reducing their environmental risks and the firms product safety and quality among others. Employees The literature of management science regard the relationship of management-employee as an essential one, employees are one of the key stakeholders for any business and evidence is growing of the importance of employees attached to the companies demonstrating their CSR records through progressive employment practice as well as through their behavior as good corporate citizens to know about the working conditions and sustainability job hunters make use of the annual report. Companies promoting the social responsibility provide such information through CSR disclosure. Crowther says that employees are search to work for companies that reflect and embody their values and who are as concerned about principles as they are with profits. In search of job security, CSR disclosure is helpful to employees. suppliers For suppliers, CSR such as fair trade practices hold the potential that the buying company grants preferential purchasing conditions, frequently to stabilize the exchange relation and gain legitimacy as well as customers (RARE research project). Thus it can be deduce that suppliers also use CSR to some extent to establish good commercial relationship. Customers Through CSR activities like reporting companies provide more (non-financial) information to customers who can then take better informed decisions on purchasing or rejecting the companys product (voice; cf. Rrubik et al. 2000) A fresh event marked by The oil spill in the gulf provoked a total chaos leading to BP customers rejecting BPs products worldwide. Local Community According to Glautier and Underdown (1994), local communities are very dependent on local industries, not only because they provide employment, but also because they directly affect the entire socio-economic structure of the environment. Industrial activities have always both positive and negative impact on the community at large. CSR disclosure is useful to the community in the sense that they may identify the companies with the good companies-public relationship. As such, the local community has an interest in the activities of the local industries, and requires much more information on social benefits and cost than the public relations-type information. government The government use CSR disclosure as a tool to set norms and assess a companys environmental concern. CSR may constitute a framework for cooperative governance where the traditional means of the state fail: public private (or trilateral) cooperations might make accessible information, innovation, and legitimacy potentials that allow the tackling of sustainability problems more effectively. Wolff (2004). 4.0 Why do companies indulge in CSR activities? It can be seen, especially after big international crisis, which businesses need to reflect on how to improve the image of their company. Milton Friedman argued it is the head of firms, that is, executives that have the responsibility towards society and other stakeholders. Friedman says that if actions that have been done result in a decrease in the return of shareholders, an increase in the price for consumers or result in a decrease in the wages of employees, customers and shareholders are spending money for the corporate social responsibility issues. Like said by smith in The Wealth of the nations (1776), It is not from the benevolence of the baker, the brewer and the butcher , that we get our meal, but from their regard to their own best interest is in line with what Friedman says in his book , Capitalism and Freedom where he refer to social responsibility in firms as a fundamentally subversive doctrine in society nowadays where businesses main aim is to make maximum profits by using recourses effectively. Therefore as said by Friedman, a businesss duty is to make as much profits as it is legally possible. In his paper, the author titled Morality in the Marketplace, Robert Almeder questions whether corporate behavior should be restricted by moral or illegal considerations. In the paper, the author takes the example of general motors and firestone that knowingly made the promotion of a defective product even though they knew that it would reduce their market share. He also talk about the lack of morality of advertising companies that promote the consumption of cigarettes knowing that this is prone to attract more smokers and therefore will increase the number of people who might get lung cancer and many other disease. According to him, to make businesses act more responsibly , authorities should come up with a laws such that corporate managers should effectively put CSR in practice , at their own expense rather than censured and fines a sum from corporate profits. (Almeder, R et al (1983) (eds) Business Ethics: Corporate values and society) The form of corporate social responsibility most commonly found in businesses are them taking care of the environment around them. Environmental issues are an inescapable part of planning business strategies for the foreseeable future and boards of directors who ignore this, do so at their own peril. 5.0 Is it relevant and worthwhile for companies to report on CSR issues? It is important for a business to communicate properly its financial position and equally its plans and actions concerning the social responsibility so as to maintain the good relationship of existing stakeholders and attract potential investors. According to Roger Adams, ACCAs executive director, it is becoming more and more pressing and urgent for companies to indulge in CSR if they want to enhance their corporate reputation, thus supporting the above statement. He also said that global investors increasingly regard good environmental management as an integral element of overall governance and accountability. Moreover in an analysis on Post-Eron: Post-Andersen, Roger Adams proceeds to say that Pressure is mounting foe companies to widen the scope of corporate public accountability and many are responding by including social data in their reports, preferably through a well managed process of stakeholder dialogue. (Accounting Business, July/August 2002) Based on Roger Adams statements, it is clear that globally CSR has rooted its importance in the world of business and helps in corporate sustainability and success showing its relevance and worthiness. Lack of ethical standards and social responsibility has lead to corporate collapse in various parts of the world recently leaving scar on the global economy. Howard Davies put forward that event in the US for the past years demonstrate that a breakdown in of ethical standards within a firm can carry high reputational and financial penalties. (Accounting Business, February 2003) Stakeholders are required to portray a good governance of an organisation, its transparency and proper accountability to access organizations worthiness. In Rachel Jacksons (ACCAs head of social and environmental issues) words: the increased influence of non governmental organisations NGOs) and the demand by the stakeholders for greater transparency, organizational accountability and good governance were key drivers for CSR. Accounting Business, June 2004). Moreover she adds that some potential advantages that can be derived by business practicing transparency and accountability can be: enhancement of business reputation, improvement of investor relations and access to capital, increase in competitiveness and market positioning. Other factors that push companies to be socially responsible are: Economic rationality considerations, To comply with borrowing requirements, To benefit from lower resource use and operation cost, And to improve competitive advantage and global exposure. 6.0 Empirical evidence of CSR. 6.1 The usefulness and relevance of CSR disclosure. Empirical studies effected by Belkaoui (1980) and Milne (1999), and Hendricks (1976) proved that CSR disclosure is useful and relevant. However results obtained were in favor of both positive and negative impact on investment decision. Hai Yap Teah and Godwin Y Shiu also carried out an empirical study which revealed that social responsibility disclosure in company annual reports may be more helpful in decision making if the data is presented numerically that focus on product improvement and fair business practices. Hence, we can deduce that for CSR disclosure to be deemed relevant and useful, it should speak the language of figures. Formbrun and Shanky put forward some empirical evidence which suggest that the greater a companys contribution to social welfare is; the better the goodwill becomes. Hereby they may benefit from premium prices, enhance their access to capital market and attract investors. Hence it supports the school of thought advanced earlier by other research work extending the impact of CSR on investment decision. According to Mc Gaire et al (1988) a firm that is perceived to be acting responsibly will face less labor unrest and will gain kudos in the eyes if its potential customers, increasing its sales base. Nevertheless, the other side of the coin refers to the fact that it s not necessary that CSR disclosure directly improves the profitability for mixed results obtained. 6.2 CSR Framework as developed by ERNSTERNST (1978) Six areas have been found by Ernst and Ernst (1978), in which corporate social objectives may be set. They are: Environment Fair business practices Human recourses Community involvement Energy Products 6.3 Code of Corporate Governance However in section 7 of The Code of Corporate Governance for Mauritius , that is , the Integrated Sustainability Reporting identifies four areas which should be subject to disclosure . They are: Ethics Environment Health and Safety Social issues These information are considered important by The Code as it is considered as informative and will help stakeholders build a culture of social and environmental responsibility. (Code of Corporate Governance section 7) 6.3.1 Ethics Ethics means being responsible , diligent and integer. A business disclosing ethical principles will make people trust in it as they will know that the company has a good code of conduct. It will be assumed that this company is aware and concerned about its duties towards society and stakeholders. 6.3.2 Environment Firms should do their utmost best to reduce the negative effects of industrial production and adopt more effective and efficient methods to make least use of exhaustive recourses. The company should disclose any project that they do which have for effect to help in preserving the environment. 6.3.3 Health and Safety Health and Safety practices and policies should be developed and implemented in the business. Also, safety and health risk identification has to be undertaken. This will lead to betterment in risk management strategies. 6.3.4 Social issues Social issues include community involvement, human recourse and fair business practices. The Code requires that businesses adopt fair policies in promotion and recruitment of employees.

Creating a New Writing Technology :: Invention Writing Technology Papers

Creating a New Writing Technology "Writing, in the strict sense of the word, as has already been seen, was a very late development in human history. The first script, or true writing, that we know was developed among the Sumerians in Mesopotamia only around the year 3500 BC, less than 6,000 years ago. The alphabet, which was invented only once, so that every alphabet in the world derives directly or indirectly from the original Semitic alphabet, came into existence only around 1500 BC" (Ong, 323). Writing has been around for a short time, but language has been around for as long as humans. It's amazing to see how much the written word controls our lives. You can't do anything; go anywhere, without seeing some form of print. You turn on the television-an add pops up. You go outside-signs everywhere. And what is even more amazing, constantly, new technologies are evolving to improve the way we write-computers, the pencil with an attached eraser. Because of the importance placed on writing and writing technology in today's society I have decided to conduct an experiment. What happens when the "technology" is taken out of the writing? I will attempt to create a new writing technology, with primitive objects, and use it to write a short, twenty word, text. While conducting this new experiment, a couple of issues posed problems. First, I could only use materials found in nature. This was difficult because of the rarity of "natural" items in this day-and-age. Second, I had to keep in mind the permanence of my project-how long the text I created could be expected to last. It was somewhat difficult to do this because a particularly creative and natural "invention" might not be all that permanent, and vice-versa. With these creating problems for me, I didn't find the inventing process easy. I tested a variety of objects. Such as food, grass, dirt, leaves, and mud. The food was too messy, and it didn't last that long. I gathered several items from my kitchen, and decided to experiment. I tried a banana peel, but it ripped easily, and turned completely brown within minutes. I soon exhausted ideas to use other foods, such as apples-they go bad too quickly. Nuts-too fragile; and cheese-not "natural" enough. From these experiments, I concluded that food items would not make good writing technologies. Grass seemed, at first to be an excellent idea.